编写如下的Dockerfile可以在windows容器中安装VC运行时

FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/framework/runtime:4.8

USER ContainerAdministrator
RUN curl -fSLo vc_redist.x64.exe https://download.microsoft.com/download/6/A/A/6AA4EDFF-645B-48C5-81CC-ED5963AEAD48/vc_redist.x64.exe && start /w vc_redist.x64.exe /install /quiet /norestart
&& del vc_redist.x64.exe

参考链接https://github.com/microsoft/dotnet-framework-docker/issues/15